Geoff - Thanks for this very interesting article. It is interesting how the whole academic gestalt and economy is oriented toward the "individual discoverer". Rarely, I have seen PIs who assemble a great team of partners around them and the group ends up being enormously productive. But, even in those environments, there is a single PI who is "boss" (and, often first author on all the papers!).

The article also discusses the surprising frequency of "simultaneous invention" which suggests that good ideas are as much the product of their time as they are the product of the mind of a "genius."

A variant on the I.V. model is the emerging concept of "crowd-sourcing" - using a vast, disseminated groups of people to edit reference materials (Wikipedia), sieve through content for the few jewels (Digg), and numerous sites and organizations that use rating systems (Zagat, EBay, etc...).

Science Mag (John Travis, author, Science 28 March 2008: 1750-1752) had a recent article about a company called InnoCentive that is using crowd-sourcing for invention. Companies post technical challenges and a bounty and anyone can submit a proposal for solving the problem. They have quite a few successes under their belt. It again illustrates the idea that great ideas are out there - but connecting to the people who have them is the challenge. Again, this also belies the academic concept that there are a few much-vaunted intellectual "leaders" (called professors) who we rely upon to invent everything - and a sea of minions who set about implementing the vision of their genius bosses.

My experience with two start-ups has shown me that "invention" is typically not the barrier to financial success in a company. In many ways, invention is the most enjoyable part of the process. But turning an invention into a product, then a set of products, then a growing stream of revenue, requires almost the opposite set of skills: single-minded focus, banal (almost mechanistic) discipline in execution, and patience. Long after the inventor has grown bored and wandered off to collect more "daisies," the "do-ers" are left behind to make something real out of the lofty ideas.

Another data point: Lowell Wood, a former physicist at LLNL, was a main feature of this article. Lowell is no doubt a brilliant and creative individual. But if one cooly examines the actual "products" that came out of LLNL when Lowell and his O-division group were active they were, for the most part, lofty, impractical, and unrealized. The largest product of course was the X-ray laser -a technical fiasco of monumental proportions that consumed vast millions of federal dollars (see William Broad's book "Teller's War" for a detailed account of this).

And all this reminds me of a fortune cookie I got a few years back: "Those that have imagination without learning have wings but no feet."